Low Complexity Finite Field Multiplier for a New Class of Fields

Finite fields is considered as backbone of many branches in number theory, coding theory, cryptography, combinatorial designs, sequences, error-control codes, and algebraic geometry. Recently, there has been considerable attention over finite field arithmetic operations, specifically on more efficient algorithms in multiplications. Multiplication is extensively utilized in almost all branches of finite fields mentioned above. Utilizing finite field provides an advantage in designing hardware implementation since the ground field operations could be readily converted to VLSI design architecture. Moreover, due to importance and extensive usage of finite field arithmetic in cryptography, there is an obvious need for better and more efficient approach in implementation of software and/or hardware using different architectures in finite fields. This project is intended to utilize a newly found class of finite fields in conjunction with the Mastrovito algorithm to compute the polynomial multiplication more efficiently

Frequency and Causes of Hypotonia in Neonatal Period with the Gestational Age of More Than 36 Weeks in NICU of Mofid Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran During 2012-2014

How to Cite This Article: Seyed Shahabi N, Fakhraee H, Kazemian M, Afjeh A, Fallahi M, Shariati M, Gorji F. Frequency and Causes of Hypotonia in Neonatal Period with the Gestational Age of More Than 36 Weeks in NICU of Mofid Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran During 2012-2014. Iran J Child Neurol. Winter 2017; 11(1):43-49. AbstractObjectiveHypotonia is a serious neurologic problem in neonatal period. Although hypotonia is a nonspecific clinical finding but it is the most common motor disorder in the newborn. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of neonatal hypotonia then to ascertain of the most common causes.Materials & MethodsThis cross –sectional prospective study was carried out on the 3281 term infants hospitalized in conventional and NICU of Mofid Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran during 2012-2014. Diagnosis was made by history, physical & neurological examination and accessible diagnostic tests.ResultsFifty nine hypotonic neonates were identified, forty seven (79.66%) had central hypotonia (Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (n= 2), other causes of encephalopathy (n=2), intracranial hemorrhage (n=4), CNS abnormalities (n= 7), chromosomal disorders (n=4), syndromic–nonsyndromic (n=8), and metabolic diseases (n=8). Peripheral hypotonic recognized in 6 infants (10.17%); spinal muscular atrophy (n= 1), and myopathy (n= 5). Six cases (10.17%) remained unclassified. Twelve infants had transient hypotonia. In final study, 18 of 59 infants (30%) died, nearly 90% before one year of age. Twenty-eight (47%) infants found developmental disorders and only 13 (22%) infants achieved normal development in their follow up.ConclusionNeonatal hypotonia is a common event in neonatal period. A majority of diagnosis is obtained by history and physical examination. Neuroimaging, genetic and metabolic tests were also important in diagnosis. Genetic, syndromic–nonsyndromic, and metabolic disorders were the most causes of neonatal hypotonia.References1.Miller VS, Delgado M, Iannaccone ST. Neonatal hypotonia Seminar in neurology 1993; 13 (1):73-83.2. Laugal V, Cossee M, MJ. de Saint –Martin A, Echaniz- Laguna A, Mandel JL, Astruc D, Messer FMJ. Diagnostic approach to neonatal hypotonia: retrospective study on144neonates.Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167:517-523.3. Birdi K, Prasad C, Chodirker B, Chudly AE, The floppy infant: retrospective analysis of clinical experience (1990-2000) in a tertiary care facility. J Chlid Neurol 2005; 20: 803-808.4. Johnston HM.The floppy weak infant revisited. Brain Dev 2003; 25:55-58.5. Crawford TO. Clinical Evaluation of the Floppy infant. Pediatric Annal 1992;16:348-354.6. Richer LP, Shevell MI, Miller SP. Diagnostic profile of neonatal hypotonia; An 11 year study. Peditric Neurol 2001; 25:32-37.7. Paro–Panjan D. Congenital hypotonia is there an algorithm. J Child Neurology 2004;19 (6):439-442. 8. Griggs RC, Mendell JR, Miller RG. Cngenital myopathies.in: Evaluation and treatment of myopathies. Philadelphia:FA Davis C; 1995:211-469. Nada Zadeh and Louanne Hudgings. The Genetic Approach to hypotonia in the neonate. NeoReviews 2009; 10; e600-e607.10. Bodenstiener JB. The evaluation of the hypotonic infant Seminar in PediatricNeurology 2008;15:10-20.11. Dubowitz V. Thomas NH. The natural history of type 1(severe) spinal muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscular Disord. 1994;4:497-50212.12. Jimenez E, Garcia – Cazoria A, Colomer J, Nascimento A, Ieiondo M, Compistol J. Hypotonia in the neonatal period: 12 years experience.[Article in Spanish] Rev Neurol 2013 Jan16:56 (2):72-8

The Role of Religious Attitude in Coping with Psychological Distress and Emotion Regulation Difficulties of UT Students

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Background and Objective: There is strong evidence to suggest that psychological distress and emotion regulation problems have adverse effects on life. Given that, finding the underlying processes seems important. Besides, since religion is a determining factor in emotion regulation and mental health, this study aimed to investigate the role of religious attitude in emotion regulation difficulties and distress. (Depression, Anxiety, stress).Method: This descriptive-correlational study used multistage cluster sampling from all students at University of Tehran in academic year of 94-95. 211 students (120 female and 91 male) were selected. They were asked to complete Religious Attitude Scale-Short Form (RAS-R), difficulties in emotion regulation questionnaire (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale or DERS-16) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). Then, the data were analyzed with using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. In this study, the ethical issues were all considered and the authors declared no conflict of interest.Results: The results show that religious attitudes negatively affect depression, anxiety and stress. Also, anxiety has negative relationships with inner spirituality, worship and religious morality. Besides, morality had predictive power for anxiety. Moreover, among the four dimensions of distress, only anxiety negatively correlated with religious attitude (morality, inner spirituality and worship) and morality had predictive power for anxiety. Furthermore, the results indicated that morality had predictive power for difficulties in emotion regulation (limited access in emotion regulation, impulse control) and the inner spirituality had predictive power for non-acceptance of emotion.Conclusion: It can be concluded that different aspects of religious attitude can both directly and indirectly play important roles in anxiety and difficulties in emotion regulation. Therefore, paying attention to religious attitude in pathology and treatment protocols of anxiety disorders is necessary.For downloading the full-text of this article please click here

Prostorna analiza električne vodljivosti podzemnih voda pomoću običnoga kriginga i metoda umjetne inteligencije (slučaj ravnice Tabriz, Iran)

rtificial intelligence (AI) systems have opened a new horizon to analyze water engineering and environmental problems in recent decades. In this study performances of ordinary kriging (OK) as a linear geostatistical estimator and two intelligent methods including artificial neural networks (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are investigated. For this purpose, geographical coordinates of 120 observation wells that located in Tabriz plain, north-west of Iran, were defined as inputs and groundwater electrical conductivities (EC) were set as output of models. Eighty percent of data were randomly selected to train and develop mentioned models and twenty percent of data used for testing and validating. Finally, the outputs of models were compared with the corresponding measured values in observation wells. Results indicated that ANFIS model provided the best accuracy among models with the root mean squared error (RMSE) value of 1.69 dS.m–1 and correlation coefficient (R) of 0.84. The RMSE values in ANN and OK were calculated 1.97 and 2.14 dS.m–1 and the R values were determined 0.79 and 0.76, respectively. According to the results, the ANFIS method predicted EC precisely and can be advised for modeling groundwater salinity.u posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća sustavi umjetne inteligencije (AI) su otvorili nove horizonte u analizi problema vodnog inženjeringa te ekoloških problema. U ovoj studiji istražene su performanse običnog kriginga (OK) kao geostatističkog procjenitelja te performanse dvaju naprednih metoda, prva od kojih je umjetna neuronska mreža (ANN), a druga je hibridni sustav ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) koji uz neuronsku mrežu uključuje i neizravnu (fuzzy) logiku. U tu svrhu, zemljopisne koordinate 120 mjernih bunara lociranih u ravnici Tabriz u sjeverozapadnom Iranu definirane su kao ulazi, a električne vodljivosti (EC) podzemnih voda postavljeni su kao izlazi modela. Osamdeset posto podataka nasumce je izabrano za razvoj i obuku (učenje) navedenih modela, a dvadeset posto podataka iskorišteno je za testiranje i provjeru. Na kraju, izlazi modela su uspoređeni s odgovarajućim mjerenim vrijednostima u mjernim bunarima. Rezultati su pokazali da model ANFIS među svim promatranim modelima daje najbolju točnost s korijenom srednje kvadratne pogreške (RMSE) od 1,69 dS.m–1 i koeficijentom korelacije (R) od 0,84. Izračunate vrijednosti RMSE u modelima ANN i OK iznose 1.97, odnosno 2.14 dS.m–1, a koeficijenata korelacije 0,79, odnosno 0,76, respektivno. Prema dobivenim rezultatima ANFIS metoda je precizno predvidjela električnu vodljivost te se stoga može preporučiti za modeliranje saliniteta podzemnih voda

How Iranian people perceived the COVID-19 crisis? Explored findings from a qualitative study: current concerns, ethics and global solidarity

Abstract Objectives: This nation-wide project aimed to investigate the common perceptions and concerns regarding COVID-19 outbreak in Iran.        Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Iran from February to March 2020 via an online open-ended questionnaire. The participants were also selected using convenience and snowball sampling methods. As well, the data collection process continued until data saturation was achieved. Thematic content analysis was utilized to analysis the transcribed texts.   Results: The statements retrieved also represented the most challenging psychological stress experienced by the participants. Four themes were accordingly recognized based on the content analysis including stressful conditions, health concerns, social and political concerns, and economic concerns. Throughout the study, a major proportion of the participants commented that psychological disorders such as fear, anxiety, stress, and ennui were their main challenges regarding this pandemic. Furthermore, lack of social responsibility, worries about high-risk and susceptible groups, decreased economic power of the public, financial hardships for low-income groups, shortage of healthcare facilities, and adverse effects of disinfectants were expressed as the main concerns.    Conclusions: As a whole, it is evident that people have confronted with several challenges and need help together with effective policies and strategies during and after this pandemic to reduce their current concerns. The study findings provided a favorable ground to develop and adopt the required policies in Iran and other countries. It was concluded that creating local, national, and global solidarity in such epidemics is an inevitable necessity.&nbsp

Analysis and evolution of health policies in Iran through policy triangle framework during the last thirty years: a systematic review of the historical period from 1994 to 2021

Background: Health policy analysis as a multi-disciplinary approach to public policy illustrates the need for interventions that highlight and address important policy issues, improve the policy formulation and implementation process and lead to better health outcomes. Various theories and frameworks have been contributed as the foundation for the analysis of policy in various studies. This study aimed to analyze health policies during the historical period of the almost last 30 years in Iran using policy triangle framework. Method: To conduct the systematic review international databases (PubMed / Medline, Scopus, Web of Sciences, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, The Cochran Library) and Iranian databases from January 1994 to January 2021 using relevant keywords. A thematic qualitative analysis approach was used for the synthesis and analysis of data. Results: Out of 731 articles, 25 articles were selected and analyzed. Studies used health policy triangle framework to analyze policies in the Iranian health sector has been published since 2014. All the included studies were retrospective. The main focus of most of studies for the analysis was on the context and process of polices as the elements of the policy triangle. Conclusion: The main focus of health policy analysis studies in Iran over the last thirty years was on the context and process of polices. Although range of actors within and outside the Iran government influence health policies but in many policy processes the power and the role of all actors or players involved in the policy are not recognized carefully. Also, Iran's health sector suffers from lack of a proper framework for evaluating various implemented policies

Is Decline Rate of Intact Parathyroid Hormone Level a Reliable Criterion for Early Discharge of Patients after Total Thyroidectomy?

Introduction: Parathyroid dysfunction leading to symptomatic hypocalcemia is not uncommon following a total thyroidectomy and is often associated with significant patient morbidity and a prolonged hospital stay. The current study aimed at evaluating the comparative predictive role of serum calcium and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) for post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia.   Materials and Methods: This prospective study was performed in 83 consecutive patients undergoing total thyroidectomy. Laboratory data such as serum calcium, vitamin D level, serum iPTH and serum phosphorus levels before surgery, postoperative calcium, and PTH levels measured after 1 and 6 hours and on the first postoperative day (1POD) were recorded.   Results: Among the 83 patients, the mean (SD) age was 45.87 (12.57) years (range, 21–72 years); 70 (84.3%) patients were female. Final pathology was benign for 47 (56.6%) patients and malignant for 36 (43.4%) patients. In total, lymph node dissections were performed in 19 subjects (22.9%). On histological examination of the specimens, the parathyroid gland was found to have been removed inadvertently in 13 (15.7%) cases. In total, 35 (40.9%) patients developed hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that a cut-off value of 15.39 pg/ml for iPTH, with a decline rate of 73% 1 hour after thyroidectomy is a significant predictor of hypocalcemia (area under the curve [AUC], 0.878; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79–0.96,

Sleep paralysis in medieval Persia – the Hidayat of Akhawayni (?–983 AD)

Among the first three manuscripts written in Persian, Akhawayni’s Hidayat al-muta’allemin fi al-tibb was the most significant work compiled in the 10th century. Along with the hundreds of chapters on hygiene, anatomy, physiology, symptoms and treatments of the diseases of various organs, there is a chapter on sleep paralysis (night-mare) prior to description and treatment of epilepsy. The present article is a review of the Akhawayni’s teachings on sleep paralysis and of descriptions and treatments of sleep paralysis by the Greek, medieval, and Renaissance scholars. Akhawayni’s descriptions along with other early writings provide insight into sleep paralysis during the Middle Ages in general and in Persia in particular

Hydrogel nanocomposite based on alginate/zeolite for burn wound healing: In vitro and in vivo study

Objective(s): The main objective of the current assay was to evaluate the antibacterial and regenerative effects of hydrogel nanocomposite containing pure natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) integrated with alginate (Alg) as wound healing/dressing biomaterials.Materials and Methods: The zeolites were size excluded, characterized by SEM, DLS, XRD, FTIR, and XRF, and then integrated into Alg hydrogel followed by calcium chloride crosslinking. The Alg and alginate zeolite (Alg/Zeo) hydrogel was characterized by swelling and weight loss tests, also the antibacterial, hemocompatibility, and cell viability tests were performed. In animal studies, the burn wound was induced on the back of rats and treated with the following groups: control, Alg hydrogel, and Alg/Zeo hydrogel.Results: The results showed that the hydrodynamic diameter of zeolites was 367 ± 0.2 nm. Zeolites did not show any significant antibacterial effect, however, the hydrogel nanocomposite containing zeolite had proper swelling as well as hemocompatibility and no cytotoxicity was observed. Following the creation of a third-degree burn wound on the back of rats, the results indicated that the Alg hydrogel and Alg/Zeo nanocomposite accelerated the wound healing process compared with the control group. Re-epithelialization, granulation tissue thickness, collagenization, inflammatory cell recruitment, and angiogenesis level were not significantly different between Alg and Alg/Zeo nanocomposite.Conclusion: These findings revealed that although the incorporation of zeolites did not induce a significant beneficial effect in comparison with Alg hydrogel, using zeolite capacity in hydrogel for loading the antibiotics or other effective compounds can be considered a promising wound dressing

Global trends of hand and wrist trauma : a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

Background As global rates of mortality decrease, rates of non-fatal injury have increased, particularly in low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) nations. We hypothesised this global pattern of non-fatal injury would be demonstrated in regard to bony hand and wrist trauma over the 27-year study period. Methods The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 was used to estimate prevalence, age-standardised incidence and years lived with disability for hand trauma in 195 countries from 1990 to 2017. Individual injuries included hand and wrist fractures, thumb amputations and non-thumb digit amputations. Results The global incidence of hand trauma has only modestly decreased since 1990. In 2017, the age-standardised incidence of hand and wrist fractures was 179 per 100 000 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 146 to 217), whereas the less common injuries of thumb and non-thumb digit amputation were 24 (95% UI 17 to 34) and 56 (95% UI 43 to 74) per 100 000, respectively. Rates of injury vary greatly by region, and improvements have not been equally distributed. The highest burden of hand trauma is currently reported in high SDI countries. However, low-middle and middle SDI countries have increasing rates of hand trauma by as much at 25%. Conclusions Certain regions are noted to have high rates of hand trauma over the study period. Low-middle and middle SDI countries, however, have demonstrated increasing rates of fracture and amputation over the last 27 years. This trend is concerning as access to quality and subspecialised surgical hand care is often limiting in these resource-limited regions.Peer reviewe